The Taber test evaluates material wear resistance through rotating abrasive wheels under controlled load, simulating long-term surface wear in real-world applic
The Martindale test simulates repeated friction in daily use through Lissajous motion trajectory (24.5±0.5mm), causing multi-directional abrasion between the sp
Metallic foil fabric is a decorative material created by transferring metal foil (gold/silver/color variants) onto a base fabric through high-temperature stampi